Radiation Therapy Methods

Radiation therapy is one of the three main cancer treatment methods, alongside surgery and chemotherapy. This approach uses high-energy rays—typically X-rays, gamma rays, or protons—to destroy cancer cells or slow their growth.

• 1. When Is Radiation Therapy Needed?
• 2. Common Radiation Therapy Methods
• 2.1. External Beam Radiation Therapy (EBRT)
• 2.1.1. Advantages:
• 2.1.2. Disadvantages:
• 2.2. Brachytherapy (Internal Radiation)
• 2.2.1. Advantages:
• 2.2.2. Applications:
• 2.2.3. Limitations:
• 2.3. Systemic Radiation Therapy
• 2.3.1. Typical Example:
• 2.3.2. Advantages:
• 2.3.3. Disadvantages:
• 2.4. Stereotactic Radiosurgery (SRS)
• 2.4.1. Advantages:
• 2.4.2. Disadvantages:
• 3. Choosing the Right Radiation Therapy Method
• 4. Common Side Effects of Radiation Therapy
• 5. Summary

1. When Is Radiation Therapy Needed?

Doctors may recommend radiation therapy in various situations:

• As the main treatment to completely destroy tumors
• After surgery to eliminate remaining cancer cells
• In combination with chemotherapy for advanced-stage cancer
• To relieve symptoms such as pain or bleeding caused by cancer

2. Common Radiation Therapy Methods

Below are the most commonly used radiation therapy techniques, depending on the type and location of the tumor.

2.1. External Beam Radiation Therapy (EBRT)

This is the most widely used method, where a large radiation machine outside the body directs beams at the tumor site.

2.1.1. Advantages:

• Non-invasive
• Dose and beam direction can be precisely controlled
• Suitable for many cancers such as breast, prostate, lung, and cervical cancers

2.1.2. Disadvantages:

• Requires multiple treatments over several weeks
• May affect healthy tissues surrounding the tumor

2.2. Brachytherapy (Internal Radiation)

This method places a small radioactive source directly inside or near the tumor.

2.2.1. Advantages:

• Delivers high doses directly to the tumor, sparing healthy tissue
• Shorter treatment duration

2.2.2. Applications:

Used for cervical, prostate, breast, and esophageal cancers

2.2.3. Limitations:

• Invasive procedure requiring minor surgery or endoscopy
• Requires strict radiation safety control

2.3. Systemic Radiation Therapy

Radioactive substances are introduced into the body via oral intake or injection. These substances then travel through the bloodstream to find and destroy cancer cells.

2.3.1. Typical Example:

Using Iodine-131 to treat thyroid cancer

2.3.2. Advantages:

• Can reach and treat cancer cells spread throughout the body

2.3.3. Disadvantages:

• May cause whole-body side effects
• Less precise in targeting specific areas compared to other methods

2.4. Stereotactic Radiosurgery (SRS)

Despite the name “surgery,” this is a highly precise radiation method using focused high-dose beams, often for small areas like brain tumors.

2.4.1. Advantages:

• Highly accurate, fast treatment (only 1–5 sessions needed)
• Minimally invasive with quick recovery

2.4.2. Disadvantages:

• Only applicable to small, well-defined tumors

3. Choosing the Right Radiation Therapy Method

Selecting the appropriate radiation therapy method depends on various factors:

• Type and stage of cancer
• Tumor location
• Patient’s overall health
• Combination with other treatments

A radiation oncologist will collaborate with a treatment team to create the most suitable treatment plan for each individual patient.

4. Common Side Effects of Radiation Therapy

Although effective, radiation therapy can cause some side effects depending on the treatment area, such as:

• Fatigue and weakness
• Hair loss (in the irradiated area)
• Nausea, diarrhea (if abdomen is treated)
• Dry mouth, mouth sores (head and neck radiation)
• Skin changes: redness, burning sensation, dryness

Most side effects gradually subside after treatment ends. However, patients should be closely monitored to address any serious reactions promptly.

5. Summary

Radiation therapy is a powerful tool in the fight against cancer. Understanding the different methods—external, internal, systemic, or stereotactic—helps patients gain a complete picture and make informed decisions with their doctors.

If you or a loved one is preparing for radiation therapy, don’t hesitate to learn more, ask questions, and mentally prepare for the journey ahead to ensure the most effective treatment.